COVID-19 Vaccines Competitive Landscape –Latest October 2020

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The world needs an efficient, rapid and reliable evaluation of many candidate COVID-19 vaccines. There is a danger that political and economic pressures for a rapid introduction of a COVID-19 vaccine could lead to a widespread spread of a vaccine that is actually only weakly effective (eg, reducing the incidence of COVID-19 by only 10-20%), possibly due to a deceptively promising outcome of an underpowered clinical trial.

WHO recommends that successful vaccines should show an estimated risk reduction of at least half, with enough accuracy to conclude that the true efficacy of the vaccine is greater than 30%. A vaccine with a 50% efficacy could significantly reduce the incidence of COVID-19 in vaccinated individuals and could provide useful herd immunity. So while an efficacy of far more than 50% would be better, an efficacy of around 50% would represent substantial progress.

42 Vaccines in clinical evaluation for COVID-19

COVID-19 Vaccine developer/manufacturer	Vaccine platform	Type of candidate vaccine	Number of doses	Timing of doses	Route of Administration	Highest Phase	Trials (Highest Phase)
Sinovac	Inactivated	Inactivated	2	0, 14 days	IM	Phase 3	NCT04456595 669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm	Inactivated	Inactivated	2	0,21 days	IM	Phase 3	ChiCTR2000034780
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm	Inactivated	Inactivated	2	0,21 days	IM	Phase 3	ChiCTR2000034780 NCT04560881
University of Oxford/AstraZeneca	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	ChAdOx1-S	1		IM	Phase 3	ISRCTN89951424 NCT04516746 NCT04540393 CTRI/2020/08/027170
CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Adenovirus Type 5 Vector	1		IM	Phase 3	NCT04526990 NCT04540419
Gamaleya Research Institute	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Adeno-based (rAd26-S+rAd5-S)	2	0,21 days	IM	Phase 3	NCT04530396 NCT04564716
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Ad26COVS1	2	0, 56 days	IM	Phase 3	NCT04505722
Novavax	Protein Subunit	Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 3	2020-004123-16
Moderna/NIAID	RNA	LNP-encapsulated mRNA	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 3	NCT04470427
BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer	RNA	3 LNP-mRNAs	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 3	NCT04368728
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences	Protein Subunit	Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer)	2 or 3	0,28 or 0,28,56 days	IM	Phase 2	NCT04466085
Curevac	RNA	mRNA	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 2	NCT04515147
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	Inactivated	Inactivated	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04470609
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan	Inactivated	Inactivated	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04530357
Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute	DNA	DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation	2	0, 28 days	ID	Phase 1/2	NCT04447781 NCT04336410
Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio	DNA	DNA plasmid vaccine + Adjuvant	2	0, 14 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04463472 NCT04527081
Cadila Healthcare Limited	DNA	DNA plasmid vaccine	3	0, 28, 56 days	ID	Phase 1/2	CTRI/2020/07/026352
Genexine Consortium	DNA	DNA Vaccine (GX-19)	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04445389
Bharat Biotech	Inactivated	Whole-Virion Inactivated	2	0, 14 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04471519 CTRI/2020/09/027674
Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc	Protein Subunit	RBD-based	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04473690
Sanofi Pasteur/GSK	Protein Subunit	S protein (baculovirus production)	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04537208
Arcturus/Duke-NUS	RNA	mRNA			IM	Phase 1/2	NCT04480957
SpyBiotech/Serum Institute of India	VLP	RBD-HBsAg VLPs	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1/2	ACTRN12620000817943
Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	Inactivated	Inactivated	1, 2 or 3		IM	Phase 1	ChiCTR2000038804
ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S	1		IM	Phase 1	NCT04528641
Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Ad5-nCoV	2	0, 28 days	IM/mucosal	Phase 1	NCT04552366
Vaxart	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Ad5 adjuvanted Oral Vaccine platform	2	0, 28 days	Oral	Phase 1	NCT04563702
Ludwig-Maximilians – University of Munich	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	MVA-SARS-2-S	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04569383
Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax	Protein Subunit	Native like Trimeric subunit Spike Protein vaccine	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04405908
Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox	Protein Subunit	Recombinant spike protein with Advax™ adjuvant	1		IM	Phase 1	NCT04453852
University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus	Protein Subunit	Molecular clamp stabilized Spike protein with MF59 adjuvant	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	ACTRN12620000674932p ISRCTN51232965
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax	Protein Subunit	S-2P protein + CpG 1018	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04487210
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba	Protein Subunit	RBD + Adjuvant	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	IFV/COR/04
FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	Protein Subunit	Peptide	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04527575
West China Hospital, Sichuan University	Protein Subunit	RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells)	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	ChiCTR2000037518
University Hospital Tuebingen	Protein Subunit	SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides	1		SC	Phase 1	NCT04546841
COVAXX	Protein Subunit	S1-RBD-protein	2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04545749
Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme	Replicating Viral Vector	Measles-vector based	1 or 2	0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04497298
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/ Xiamen University	Replicating Viral Vector	Intranasal flu-based-RBD	1		IM	Phase 1	ChiCTR2000037782
Imperial College London	RNA	LNP-nCoVsaRNA	2		IM	Phase 1	ISRCTN17072692
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech.	RNA	mRNA	2	0, 14 or 0, 28 days	IM	Phase 1	ChiCTR2000034112
Medicago Inc.	VLP	Plant-derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs.	2	0, 21 days	IM	Phase 1	NCT04450004

151 Vaccines in pre-clinical evaluation for COVID-19

Platform	Type of candidate vaccine	Developer	Coronavirus target	Same platform for non-Coronavirus candidates
DNA	Plasmid DNA, nanostructured RBD	National institute of Chemistry, Slovenia	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA, engineered vaccine inserts compatible with multiple delivery systems	DIOSynVax Ltd / University of Cambridge	SARS-CoV-2 and Sarbeco-CoV
DNA	DNA vaccine	Ege University	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA plasmid vaccine RBD&N	Scancell/University of Nottingham/ Nottingham Trent University	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA plasmid vaccine S,S1,S2,RBD &N	National Research Centre, Egypt	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA with electroporation	Karolinska Institute / Cobra Biologics (OPENCORONA Project)	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA with electroporation	Chula Vaccine Research Center	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA	Takis/Applied DNA Sciences/Evvivax	SARS-CoV2
DNA	Plasmid DNA, Needle-Free Delivery	Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc./EpiVax, Inc./PharmaJet	SARS-CoV2	SARS
DNA	DNA vaccine	BioNet Asia	SARS-CoV2
DNA	msDNA vaccine	Mediphage Bioceuticals/University of Waterloo	SARS-CoV2
DNA	DNA vaccine	Entos Pharmaceuticals	SARS-CoV2
DNA	bacTRL-Spike	Symvivo	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018	Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals (IVAC; Vietnam) / Dynavax / PATH	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018	Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO; Thailand) / Dynavax / PATH	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018	Institute Butantan (Brazil) / Dynavax / PATH	SARS-CoV-2
Inactivated	Inactivated + alum	KM Biologics	SARS-CoV2	JE, Zika
Inactivated	Inactivated	Selcuk University	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Inactivated	Erciyes University	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Inactivated whole virus	National Research Centre, Egypt	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Inactivated		SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	TBD	Osaka University/ BIKEN/ NIBIOHN	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Inactivated + CpG 1018	Sinovac/Dynavax	SARS-CoV2
Inactivated	Inactivated + CpG 1018	Valneva/Dynavax	SARS-CoV2
Live Attenuated Virus	Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines	Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University / Acıbadem Labmed Health Services A.S.	SARS-CoV2
Live Attenuated Virus	Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines	Codagenix/Serum Institute of India	SARS-CoV2	HAV, InfA, ZIKV, FMD, SIV, RSV, DENV
Live Attenuated Virus	Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines	Indian Immunologicals Ltd/Griffith University	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Sendai virus vector	ID Pharma	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Adenovirus-based	Ankara University	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Adeno-associated virus vector (AAVCOVID)	Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Massachusetts General Hospital/AveXis	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	MVA encoded VLP	GeoVax/BravoVax	SARS-CoV2	LASV, EBOV, MARV, HIV
Non-replicating viral vector	MVA-S encoded	DZIF – German Center for Infection Research/IDT Biologika GmbH	SARS-CoV2	Many
Non-replicating viral vector	MVA-S	IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic, Spain	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	adenovirus-based NasoVAX expressing SARS2-CoV spike protein	Altimmune	SARS-CoV2	influenza
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Adeno5-based	Erciyes University	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	2nd Gen E2b- Ad5 Spike, RBD, Nucleocapsid Subcutaneous&Oral	ImmunityBio, Inc. & NantKwest, Inc.	SARS-CoV2	flu, Chik, Zika, EBOV, LASV, HIV/SIV,Cancer
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Ad5 S (GREVAX™ platform)	Greffex	SARS-CoV2	MERS
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Oral Ad5 S	Stabilitech Biopharma Ltd	SARS-CoV2	Zika, VZV, HSV-2 and Norovirus
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	adenovirus-based + HLA-matched peptides	Valo Therapeutics Ltd	Pan-Corona
Non-Replicating Viral Vector		Vaxart	SARS-CoV2	InfA, CHIKV, LASV, NORV; EBOV, RVF, HBV, VEE
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	MVA expressing structural proteins	Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain	SARS-CoV2	Multiple candidates
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine expressing the spike protein	University of Georgia/University of Iowa	SARS-CoV2	MERS
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Recombinant deactivated rabies virus containing S1	Bharat Biotech/Thomas Jefferson University	SARS-CoV2	HeV, NiV, EBOV, LASSA, CCHFV, MERS
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Influenza A H1N1 vector	National Research Centre, Egypt	SARS-CoV2
Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Newcastle disease virus expressing S	Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	RBD protein delivered in mannose- conjugated chitosan nanoparticle	Ohio State University / Kazakh National Agrarian University	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant spike protein with Essai O/W 1849101 adjuvant	Kazakh National Agrarian University	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Peptides	Neo7Logic	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant spike protein with Essai O/W 1849101 adjuvant	Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan / National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant S protein	Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	RBD protein (baculovirus production) + FAR- Squalene adjuvant	Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) / Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH)	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Protein Subunit	Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	RBD-protein	Mynvax	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant S protein	Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Peptide + novel adjuvant	Bogazici University	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	S subunit intranasal liposomal formulation with GLA/3M052 adjs.	University of Virginia	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	S-Protein (Subunit) + Adjuvant, E coli based Expression	Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso & Trinity Immonoefficient Laboratory, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Protein Subunit S,N,M&S1 protein	National Research Centre, Egypt	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Protein Subunit	University of San Martin and CONICET, Argentina	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	RBD protein fused with Fc of IgG + Adj.	Chulalongkorn University/GPO, Thailand	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Capsid-like Particle	AdaptVac (PREVENT-nCoV consortium)	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs	ExpreS2ion	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Peptide antigens formulated in LNP	IMV Inc	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	S protein	WRAIR/USAMRIID	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	S protein +Adjuvant	National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan/Shionogi/UMN Pharma	SARS-CoV2	Influenza
Protein Subunit	VLP-recombinant protein + Adjuvant	Osaka University/ BIKEN/ National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	microneedle arrays S1 subunit	Univ. of Pittsburgh	SARS-CoV2	MERS
Protein Subunit	Peptide	Vaxil Bio	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Adjuvanted protein subunit (RBD)	Biological E Ltd	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Peptide	Flow Pharma Inc	SARS-CoV2	Ebola, Marburg, HIV, Zika, Influenza, HPV therapeutic vaccine, BreastCA vaccine
Protein Subunit	S protein	AJ Vaccines	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Ii-Key peptide	Generex/EpiVax	SARS-CoV2	Influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV
Protein Subunit	S protein	EpiVax/Univ. of Georgia	SARS-CoV2	H7N9
Protein Subunit	Protein Subunit EPV-CoV-19	EpiVax	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	gp-96 backbone	Heat Biologics/Univ. Of Miami	SARS-CoV2	NSCLC, HIV, malaria, Zika
Protein Subunit	Subunit vaccine	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	S1 or RBD protein	Baylor College of Medicine	SARS-CoV2	SARS
Protein Subunit	Subunit protein, plant produced	iBio/CC-Pharming	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on S-protein and other epitopes)	Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	COVID-19 XWG-03 truncated S (spike) proteins	Innovax/Xiamen Univ./GSK	SARS-CoV2	HPV
Protein Subunit	Adjuvanted microsphere peptide	VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Synthetic Long Peptide Vaccine candidate for S and M proteins	OncoGen	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Oral E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins	MIGAL Galilee Research Institute	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Nanoparticle vaccine	LakePharma, Inc.	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Plant-based subunit (RBD-Fc + Adjuvant)	Baiya Phytopharm/ Chula Vaccine Research Center	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	OMV-based vaccine	Quadram Institute Biosciences	SARS-CoV2	Flu A, plague
Protein Subunit	OMV-based vaccine	BiOMViS Srl/Univ. of Trento	SARS-CoV2
Protein subunit	structurally modified spherical particles of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)	Lomonosov Moscow State University	SARS-CoV2	rubella, rotavirus
Protein Subunit	Spike-based	University of Alberta	SARS-CoV2	Hepatitis C
Protein Subunit	Recombinant S1-Fc fusion protein	AnyGo Technology	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant protein	Yisheng Biopharma	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Recombinant S protein in IC-BEVS	Vabiotech	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Orally delivered, heat stable subunit	Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc.	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Peptides derived from Spike protein	Axon Neuroscience SE	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Protein Subunit	MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, GC Pharma	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	RBD-based	Neovii/Tel Aviv University	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV)-subunit	Intravacc/Epivax	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Outer Membrane Vesicle(OMV)-peptide	Intravacc/Epivax	SARS-CoV2
Protein Subunit	Spike-based (epitope screening)	ImmunoPrecise/LiteVax BV	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Bacteria Vector	Oral Salmonella enteritidis (3934Vac) based protein expression system of RBD	Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) / Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH)	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	YF17D Vector	KU Leuven	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	Measles Vector	Cadila Healthcare Limited	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	Measles Vector	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	Measles Virus (S, N targets)	DZIF – German Center for Infection Research/CanVirex AG	SARS-CoV2	Zika, H7N9, CHIKV
Replicating Viral Vector	Horsepox vector expressing S protein	Tonix Pharma/Southern Research	SARS-CoV2	Smallpox, monkeypox
Replicating Viral Vector	Live viral vectored vaccine based on attenuated influenza virus backbone (intranasal)	BiOCAD and IEM	SARS-CoV2	Influenza
Replicating Viral Vector	Recombinant vaccine based on Influenza A virus, for the prevention of COVID-19 (intranasal)	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	SARS-CoV2	Influenza
Replicating Viral Vector	Attenuated Influenza expressing an antigenic portion of the Spike protein	Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and Instituto Buntantan	SARS-CoV2	Influenza
Replicating Viral Vector	Influenza vector expressing RBD	University of Hong Kong	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	Replication-competent VSV chimeric virus technology (VSVΔG) delivering the SARS-CoV- 2 Spike (S) glycoprotein.	IAVI/Merck	SARS-CoV2	Ebola, Marburg, Lassa
Replicating Viral Vector	Replicating VSV vector-based DC-targeting	University of Manitoba	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	VSV-S	University of Western Ontario	SARS-CoV2	HIV, MERS
Replicating Viral Vector	VSV-S	Aurobindo	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	VSV vector	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	VSV-S	Israel Institute for Biological Research/Weizmann Institute of Science	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) influenza vector	UW–Madison/FluGen/Bharat Biotech	SARS-CoV2	influenza
Replicating Viral Vector	Newcastle disease virus vector (NDV-SARS- CoV-2/Spike)	Intravacc/ Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Utrecht Univ.	SARS-CoV2
Replicating Viral Vector	Avian paramyxovirus vector (APMV)	The Lancaster University, UK	SARS-CoV2
RNA	saRNA formulated in a NLC	Infectious Disease Research Institute/ Amyris, Inc.	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding S	Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces	SARS-CoV2
RNA	Self-amplifying RNA	Gennova	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA	Selcuk University	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-mRNA	Translate Bio/Sanofi Pasteur	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-mRNA	CanSino Biologics/Precision NanoSystems	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP	Fudan University/ Shanghai JiaoTong University/RNACure Biopharma	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding RBD	Fudan University/ Shanghai JiaoTong University/RNACure Biopharma	SARS-CoV2
RNA	Replicating Defective SARS-CoV-2 derived RNAs	Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-encapsulated mRNA	University of Tokyo/ Daiichi-Sankyo	SARS-CoV2	MERS
RNA	Liposome-encapsulated mRNA	BIOCAD	SARS-CoV2
RNA	Several mRNA candidates	RNAimmune, Inc.	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA	China CDC/Tongji University/Stermina	SARS-CoV2
RNA	LNP-mRNA	Chula Vaccine Research Center/University of Pennsylvania	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA in an intranasal delivery system	eTheRNA	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA	Greenlight Biosciences	SARS-CoV2
RNA	mRNA	IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic, Spain	SARS-CoV2
T-cell based	CD8 T cell peptide targeting (S, M, N) and (NSPs) SARS-CoV-2 proteins	OSE immunotherapeutics	SARS-CoV2
VLP	VLP	Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems	SARS-CoV2
VLP	Virus-like particle-based Dendritic Cell(DC)- targeting vaccine	University of Manitoba	SARS-CoV2
VLP	VLP	Bezmialem Vakif University	SARS-CoV2
VLP	VLP	Middle East Technical University	SARS-CoV2
VLP	Enveloped Virus-Like Particle (eVLP)	VBI Vaccines Inc.	SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, & MERS-CoV	CMV, GBM, Zika
VLP	S protein integrated in HIV VLPs	IrsiCaixa AIDS Research/IRTA-CReSA/Barcelona Supercomputing Centre/Grifols	SARS-CoV2
VLP	VLP + Adjuvant	Mahidol University/ The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO)/Siriraj Hospital	SARS-CoV2
VLP	Virus-like particles, lentivirus and baculovirus vehicles	Navarrabiomed, Oncoimmunology group	SARS-CoV2
VLP	Virus-like particle, based on RBD displayed on virus-like particles	Saiba GmbH	SARS-CoV2
VLP	ADDomerTM multiepitope display	Imophoron Ltd and Bristol University’s Max Planck Centre	SARS-CoV2
VLP	Unknown	Doherty Institute	SARS-CoV2
VLP	VLP	OSIVAX	SARS-CoV1 SARS-CoV2
VLP	eVLP	ARTES Biotechnology	SARS-CoV2	malaria
VLP	VLPs peptides/whole virus	Univ. of Sao Paulo	SARS-CoV2

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